Matsayin Masu Daidaita PVC a Tsarin Gina Allura da Ingancin Tsarin

Injection ƙera yana tsaye a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan hanyoyin masana'antu masu amfani da inganci donKayayyakin PVC (polyvinyl chloride), wanda ke ba da damar samar da siffofi masu rikitarwa tare da daidaito daidai gwargwado—daga abubuwan da ke cikin mota da wuraren rufewa na lantarki zuwa na'urorin likitanci da kayan gida. Duk da haka, tsarin kwayoyin halitta na PVC yana haifar da ƙalubale na musamman yayin sarrafawa: ba shi da tabbas idan aka fallasa shi ga yanayin zafi mai yawa (yawanci 160-220°C) da ƙarfin yankewa da ke cikin ƙera allura. Ba tare da ingantaccen daidaito ba, PVC za ta fuskanci lalacewa, wanda ke haifar da canza launi (rawar rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa), raguwar halayen injiniya, har ma da sakin samfuran da ba su da lahani. Nan ne masu daidaita PVC ke shiga a matsayin jarumai marasa suna, ba wai kawai suna hana lalacewa ba amma har ma suna inganta aikin sarrafawa da kuma tabbatar da cewa samfurin ƙarshe ya cika ƙa'idodin inganci. A cikin wannan shafin yanar gizo, za mu nutse cikin muhimmiyar rawar da masu daidaita PVC ke takawa a cikin ƙera allura, mu binciki nau'ikan da aka fi sani, kuma mu binciki yadda suke tasiri ga mahimman sigogin sarrafawa da aikin samfurin ƙarshe.

Domin fahimtar dalilin da yasa masu daidaita wutar lantarki ba za a iya yin sulhu da su ba don yin gyaran PVC, da farko yana da mahimmanci a fahimci tushen rashin daidaiton PVC. PVC wani polymer ne na vinyl wanda aka samar ta hanyar yin polymerization na monomers na vinyl chloride, kuma sarkar kwayoyin halittarsa ​​​​ta ƙunshi raunin haɗin chlorine-carbon. Idan aka dumama shi zuwa yanayin zafi da ake buƙata don yin gyaran allura, waɗannan haɗin suna karyewa, suna fara amsawar sarkar lalacewa. Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da dehydrochlorination, yana fitar da iskar hydrogen chloride (HCl) - wani abu mai lalata wanda ke ƙara hanzarta lalacewa da lalata kayan aikin gyaran. Bugu da ƙari, dehydrochlorination yana haifar da samuwar haɗin gwiwa biyu a cikin sarkar PVC, wanda ke sa kayan ya zama rawaya, sannan ya yi launin ruwan kasa, kuma a ƙarshe ya zama mai rauni. Ga masu yin gyaran allura, wannan yana fassara zuwa sassan da aka yayyanka, ƙarin farashin kulawa, da rashin bin ƙa'idodin aminci da inganci. Masu daidaita wutar lantarki suna katse wannan zagayowar lalacewa ta hanyar shan HCl, hana samfuran acidic, ko kuma kawar da tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ke jagorantar amsawar sarkar - suna kare PVC yadda ya kamata yayin sarrafawa da tsawaita rayuwar sabis na kayan.

Ba duka baMasu daidaita PVCAn ƙirƙiri su daidai gwargwado, kuma zaɓar nau'in da ya dace don ƙera allura ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa: zafin aiki, lokacin zagayowar, sarkakiyar mold, buƙatun samfurin ƙarshe (misali, hulɗar abinci, juriyar UV), da ƙa'idodin muhalli. A ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen bayani game da nau'ikan masu daidaita sigina da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ƙera allura, hanyoyin aikinsu, da manyan fa'idodi da rashin amfani ga aikace-aikacen sarrafawa:

A cikin yanayin dokoki na yau, jagora daMasu daidaita Ba-Cdan fi karkata akalarsu don amfani da madadin organotin da Ca-Zn, musamman ga samfuran da ke fuskantar mabukaci da na likitanci. Ga masu yin allurar allura, wannan sauyi yana nufin daidaitawa da halayen sarrafawa na musamman na waɗannan masu daidaita yanayin lafiya - misali, daidaita yanayin zafi ko lokutan zagayowar don daidaita yanayin zafi na Ca-Zn, ko daidaita farashi da aiki lokacin amfani da organotins.

Tasirin masu daidaita wutar lantarki akan aikin sarrafa PVC a cikin ƙera allura ya wuce hana lalacewa kawai. Yana shafar mahimman sigogin sarrafawa kai tsaye kamar ma'aunin kwararar narkewa, lokacin zagayowar, cike mold, da amfani da kuzari - duk waɗannan suna shafar ingancin samarwa da ingancin wani ɓangare. Bari mu raba waɗannan tasirin da ainihin mahallin: kwararar narkewa, misali, yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa mahaɗin PVC yana cike ramukan mold masu rikitarwa daidai gwargwado kuma ba tare da lahani kamar gajerun hotuna ko layukan walda ba. Masu daidaita wutar lantarki na Organotin, saboda ƙarancin adadin su da kuma kyakkyawan jituwa da PVC, suna da ƙaramin tasiri akan MFI, yana barin narkewar ta gudana cikin sauƙi ko da ta cikin sassan siririn bango ko geometric masu rikitarwa.Masu daidaita Ca-ZnA gefe guda kuma, yana iya ƙara ɗanɗanon narkewa (musamman a mafi yawan allurai), yana buƙatar masu yin molding su daidaita matsin lamba ko zafin jiki don kiyaye kwararar da ta dace. Wannan muhimmin abin la'akari ne lokacin canzawa daga organotin zuwa Ca-Zn don bin ƙa'idodi - ƙananan gyare-gyare zuwa sigogin sarrafawa na iya yin babban bambanci a cikin ingancin sashi.

Lokacin zagayowar wani muhimmin abu ne ga masu yin allurar allura, domin yana shafar yadda ake samar da kayayyaki kai tsaye. Masu daidaita yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi, kamar organotin ko gubar (kodayake yanzu an takaita su), suna ba da damar gajerun lokutan zagayowar ta hanyar ba da damar yin amfani da yanayin zafi mai yawa ba tare da lalacewa ba. Mafi girman yanayin zafi yana rage danko na narkewa, yana hanzarta cike mold, kuma yana rage lokutan sanyaya - duk waɗannan suna haɓaka yawan aiki. Akasin haka, masu daidaita yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali, kamar Ca-Zn, na iya buƙatar tsawon lokacin zagayowar don guje wa zafi mai yawa, amma wannan ciniki sau da yawa yana da kyau ta hanyar fa'idodin muhalli da bin ƙa'idodi. Masu daidaita yanayin zafi na iya rage wannan ta hanyar inganta wasu sigogi, kamar amfani da masu sarrafa zafin jiki na mold ko daidaita saurin sukurori don rage dumama da aka haifar.

Kwanciyar hankali a kan yanke shi ma muhimmin abu ne da za a yi la'akari da shi, musamman ga hanyoyin ƙera allura waɗanda suka haɗa da saurin sukurori mai yawa. Ƙarfin yanke yana haifar da ƙarin zafi a cikin narkewar PVC, yana ƙara haɗarin lalacewa. Masu daidaita abubuwa waɗanda za su iya jure wa yanke mai yawa - kamar organotin da gaurayen Ca-Zn masu aiki sosai - suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaiton narkewa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi, suna hana canza launi da kuma tabbatar da daidaiton halayen sassa. Sabanin haka, masu daidaita abubuwa marasa inganci na iya karyewa a ƙarƙashin babban yanke, wanda ke haifar da kwararar narkewa mara daidaituwa da lahani kamar tabo a saman ko damuwa ta ciki.

Aikin ƙarshe ya dogara ne da zaɓin mai daidaita haske. Misali, samfuran PVC na waje (misali, kayan daki na lambu, rufin waje) suna buƙatar masu daidaita haske waɗanda ke da juriya ga UV don hana lalacewa daga hasken rana. Ana iya ƙera yawancin masu daidaita haske na Ca-Zn da organotin tare da masu ɗaukar UV ko masu daidaita haske na amine (HALS) don haɓaka yanayin yanayi. Ga samfuran PVC masu tauri kamar kayan haɗin bututu ko kayan haɗin lantarki, masu daidaita haske waɗanda ke inganta ƙarfin tasiri da kwanciyar hankali suna da mahimmanci. Musamman, an san Organotins da kiyaye halayen injiniya na PVC mai tauri yayin sarrafawa, tabbatar da cewa sassa na iya jure damuwa da kuma kiyaye siffarsu akan lokaci.

Amfani da abinci da na likitanci yana buƙatar na'urorin daidaita abinci waɗanda ba su da guba kuma sun dace da ƙa'idodin duniya. Na'urorin daidaita Ca-Zn sune ma'aunin zinare a nan, saboda ba su da ƙarfe mai nauyi kuma suna cika ƙa'idodin aminci. Ana kuma amfani da Organotins a wasu aikace-aikacen da abinci ke hulɗa da su, amma takamaiman nau'ikan (misali, methyltin, butyltin) ne kawai aka amince da su don amfani da su. Masu yin kwaroron roba da ke aiki a waɗannan fannoni dole ne su tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin da ke daidaita su don guje wa matsalolin ƙa'idoji da kuma tabbatar da amincin masu amfani.

Lokacin zabar waniMai daidaita PVC don allurar ƙeraAkwai wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su a aikace fiye da nau'in da aiki kawai. Dacewa da wasu ƙarin abubuwa yana da mahimmanci - mahaɗan PVC galibi suna ɗauke da masu plasticizers, man shafawa, abubuwan cikawa, da pigments, kuma mai daidaita dole ne ya yi aiki tare da waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Misali, wasu man shafawa na iya rage tasirin masu daidaita ta hanyar samar da shinge tsakanin mai daidaita da matrix na PVC, don haka masu gyaran gashi na iya buƙatar daidaita matakan mai ko zaɓar mai daidaita da ya fi dacewa. Yawan amfani wani muhimmin abu ne: amfani da ƙaramin mai daidaita gashi zai haifar da ƙarancin kariya da lalacewa, yayin da amfani da shi da yawa zai iya haifar da fure (inda mai daidaita gashi ke ƙaura zuwa saman ɓangaren) ko rage halayen injina. Yawancin masana'antun masu daidaita gashi suna ba da shawarar adadin da aka ba da shawarar bisa ga nau'in PVC (mai tsauri vs. sassauƙa) da yanayin sarrafawa, kuma yana da mahimmanci a bi waɗannan jagororin yayin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don inganta aiki.

Yanayin muhalli da ƙa'idoji suma suna tsara makomar masu daidaita PVC don yin allurar ƙera. Yunkurin da duniya ke yi na dorewa ya haifar da ƙaruwar buƙatar masu daidaita bio ko waɗanda za a iya lalata su, kodayake waɗannan har yanzu suna cikin farkon matakan haɓakawa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idodi da ke hana amfani da wasu sinadarai (misali, REACH a cikin EU) suna haifar da ƙirƙira a cikin samfuran da suka fi aminci, masu dacewa da muhalli. Ya kamata masu yin ƙera ya kasance suna da masaniya game da waɗannan yanayin don tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin su sun kasance masu bin ƙa'idodi da gasa. Misali, canzawa zuwa masu daidaita Ca-Zn yanzu na iya taimakawa wajen guje wa rudani idan aka aiwatar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri kan organotins a nan gaba.

Domin kwatanta tasirin ainihin zaɓin mai daidaita wutar lantarki, bari mu yi la'akari da wani bincike: wani mai gyaran mota wanda ke samar da maƙallan lantarki na PVC masu ƙarfi ta hanyar allura yana fuskantar launin rawaya na sassa da yawan raguwar shara. Binciken farko ya nuna cewa mai gyaran mota yana amfani da mai daidaita wutar lantarki na Ba-Cd mai araha, wanda ba wai kawai bai bi ƙa'idodin EU ba ne, har ma yana kare PVC sosai a zafin aiki mai yawa (200°C) da ake buƙata don ƙirar mold mai rikitarwa. Bayan canzawa zuwa mai daidaita wutar lantarki mai aiki sosai, an kawar da matsalar rawaya, ƙimar shara ta ragu da kashi 35%, kuma sassan sun cika ƙa'idodin aminci na EU. Mai gyaran ya kuma lura da ingantaccen kwararar narkewa, wanda ya rage matsin lamba na allura da rage lokutan zagayowar da kashi 10%, wanda ke haɓaka yawan aiki gaba ɗaya. A wani misali, wani mai ƙera kwantena na PVC na abinci ya canza daga organotin zuwa mai daidaita wutar lantarki na Ca-Zn don biyan buƙatun FDA. Duk da cewa dole ne su daidaita zafin aikin kaɗan (sauke shi daga 195°C zuwa 185°C) don kiyaye daidaito, makullin ba shi da matsala tare da ƙaramin tasiri ga lokacin zagayowar, kuma sassan sun riƙe tsabta da halayen injina.

Masu daidaita PVC suna da mahimmanci don nasarar ƙera allura, suna aiki a matsayin masu kariya daga lalacewa da kuma masu ba da damar ingantaccen aikin sarrafawa. Zaɓin mai daidaita - ko organotin, Ca-Zn, ko wani nau'in - dole ne a daidaita shi da takamaiman yanayin sarrafawa, buƙatun samfurin ƙarshe, da ƙa'idodi na ƙa'ida. Masu ƙera waɗanda suka saka lokaci wajen zaɓar mai daidaita da ya dace da kuma inganta sigogin sarrafawa bisa ga wannan zaɓin za su amfana daga ƙarancin ƙimar tarkace, yawan aiki mai yawa, da kuma sassan inganci waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin aminci da aiki. Yayin da masana'antar ke ci gaba da bunƙasa zuwa ga dorewa da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri, kasancewa da masaniya game da sabbin fasahohin mai daidaita da sabbin halaye zai zama mabuɗin ci gaba da samun fa'ida mai kyau. Ko kuna samar da sassan PVC masu tsauri ko masu sassauƙa, don amfanin mabukaci ko masana'antu, mai daidaita da ya dace shine tushen nasarar tsarin ƙera allura.